The Spanish Apocalypse Right After The Recognition of a Muslim Palestinian-Moorish State

https://rumble.com/v5n5m82-the-spanish-apocalypse-right-after-the-recognition-of-a-muslim-palestinian-.html

BITCHUTE VIDEO

💭 በስፔን የጎርፍ አፖካሊፕስ የተከሰተው ወስላታው መንግስቷ ለሙስሊም የፍልስጤም-ግዛት እውቅና ከሰጠ በኋላ ነው

እ.ኤ.አ. ሜይ 28 ቀን 2024 በድፍረት ስፔን አየርላንድን እና ኖርዌይን በመቀላቀል ለፍልስጤም ግዛት እውቅና እንደምትሰጥ አስታውቃለች። ለነዚያ ብሔራት ወዮላቸው!

በአሁኑ ጊዜ በዓለም ላይ በቅርብ ቀናት ውስጥ እንደ ስፔን የመብረቅ አደጋ የተመዘገበባት ሀገር የለችም። ከባዱ ዝናብ ያስከተለው ጎርፉም የስፔን ከተሞችን በማመስላ ላይ ይገኛል። እንደ ግራኝ ከዳተኛው የዓለም ኤኮኖሚክ መድረክ (WEF) ምልምል ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ፔድሮ ሳንቼዝ ፔሬዝ-ካስቴጆን ፪፻፲፩/211 ሰዎችን የገደለው የጎርፍ መጥለቅለቅ በዚህ ምዕተ-አመት በአውሮፓ ውስጥ ከታዩት የከፋው ነው ብሏል። የሞት እና ባርነት መንፈስን የሚስብ ሞትንና ባርነትን ያሰፍናል።

👉 ለጎርፉ ሰለባዎች፤ ✞✞✞ R.I.P /R.I.F/D.E.P/ ነ.ይ / ነፍሳቸውን ይማርላቸው ✞✞✞

ከሰባት መቶ ዓመታት የእስልምና ባርነት (711-1492) ነፃ ያወጣቸውን እና ታላቅ ሃገር ያደረጋቸውን የአብርሐም፣ ይስሐቅ እና ያዕቆብን አምላክ በመካድ ዛሬ ለታሪካዊ ጨፍጫፊዎቻቸው መሀመዳውያን ድጋፍ በመስጠታቸው ነው ይህን ያህል በጎርፍ እና ነጎድጓድ በመመታት ላይ ያሉት።

ታላቅነት ኢየሱስን በመስቀል መንገድ መከተል ነው። ሁሉን ቻይ የሆነው ኃያሉ እግዚአብሔር አምላክ የሚፈልገውን ካደረግን ወደ ህይወታችን ወርዶ ለታላቅነታችን እና ለቁም ነገር ያስፈልገናል ብለን የምናስበውን በመባረክ ህይወታችንን ታላቅ ያደርገዋል።

♱ ከእኛዋ ታላቂቷ ንግሥተ ሳባ ቀጥሎ በኋላ፣ የእኔ ፪ኛ ተወዳጅ ንግሥት የስፔን ካስቲል ቀዳማዊት ኢዛቤላ ናት። ይህች በክርስቲያናዊ ፍቅር እና ቆራጥነት መሀመዳውያኑንን ያንበረከከች፣ እስልምናን ያገደች ድንቅና የአውሮፓ የመጀመሪያዋ ታላቋ ንግሥት የዛሬዋን ታሪኳን የካደች ስፔንን ስታይ በሃዘን እና በቁጣ በመቃብሯ ውስጥ እየተንከባለለች ነው! ልክ በዛሬዋ ኢትዮጵያ አሳዛኝ ሁኔታ ንግሥተ ሳባ እና ጀግኖቹ የክርስቲያን ነገሥታቶቻችን እንደሚሰማቸው።

በነገራችን ላይ ስፔን እና ፖርቱጋልን (አይቤሪያ ባሕረ ገብ መሬት) ከመሀመዳውያኑ የባርነት ቀንበር ነፃ ትውጣ ዘንድ የአክሱማዊቷ ኢትዮጵያ ነገስታት እነ ቄሱ ንጉሥ ዮሐንስ (Prester John) ትልቅ ሚና ተጫውተዋል የሚል እምነት አለኝ።

እ.ኤ.አ. በ 1428 ዓ.ም ኢትዮጵያ ህብረትን ለመጠየቅ ወደ ስፔን የአራጎን ንጉሣዊ መንግስት ዲፕሎማሲያዊ ልዑካን ላከች። በቀረበው ሃሳብ ላይ ንጉሥ አልፎንሶ አምስተኛ የእጅ ባለሞያዎችን እና ወንድሙን ፒተርን/ጴጥሮስን ወደ ኢትዮጵያ ልኮ የንጉሠ ነገሥት ይስሐቅ ቀዳማዊ ልጅን ያገባል። በአሳዛኝ ሁኔታ የ፲፫/13 የእጅ ባለሞያዎች መርከበኞች ወደ ኢትዮጵያ ሲጓዙ ህይወታቸው አለፈ እና የህብረት እቅዱ ፈረሰ። .

በኋላ ላይ ግን መርከበኞች ግብፅን ተሻግረው ወደ ኢትዮጵያ ደረሱ ፣ ህብረቱ መደበኛ ሆነ እና የኢስላም ማምሉክ ሱልጣኔትን ለመውረር የጋራ እቅድ ተፈጠረ። እ.አ.አ በ 1431 የአራጎን መንግሥት በማምሉኮች ላይ ጦርነት አወጀ። ብዙም ሳይቆይ ኢትዮጵያውያን ተከትለውታል። ማምሉኮች በሁለቱም የንጉሠ ነገሥቱ ግንባር ወረራ በግብፅ ላይ የነበራቸውን ያንቀጠቀጠ ይዞታ ማቆየት ባለመቻላቸው ወደ ሲና ማዶ ሄዱ። ከዚያም የአራጎን እና የኢትዮጵያ ጦር ወደ አስዋን ዘመተ እና የአራጎን ጦር ከዋናው ጦር ተለያይቶ ኢትዮጵያውያንን ኑቢያን የበለጠ ወረራ ለማድረግ ረድቷል።

ጦርነቱ ሲያበቃ የክርስቲያኖች ድል በሰላም ስምምነት ተጠናከረ። ግብፅ በፒተር ዴ ትራስታማራ እና በቀዳማዊ ይስሃቅ ሴት ልጅ የሚመራ የካቶሊክ መንግሥት ሆነች፣ እና እየጠበበ ያለው የኮፕትኛ ቋንቋ በአረብኛ ፋንታ ተስፋፋ። ምንም እንኳን በስም ነጻ ብትሆንም ግብፅ የአራጎን መንግስት ከፍተኛ ተጽዕኖ አድሮባት ነበር። ይህ በእንዲህ እንዳለ ኑቢያ ተከታታይ የግብፅ ባሪያ ሆነች፣ እናም የአሎዲያ መንግሥት ከዚህ ጊዜ ጀምሮ በኢሳቅ/ይስሐቅ የኢትዮጵያ ትንንሽ አጋር ሆና ትገዛ ነበር። አሌክሳንድሪያ ለሜዲትራኒያን ንግድ ቁልፍ ወደብ እንደመሆኗ በቀጥታ በአራጎን ቁጥጥር ሥር ነበረች።

ዛሬ ግብጽ እና መሀመዳውያኑ ለምን እየተበቀሉን እንደሆነ እያየን ነው? ዛሬ ሃያላኑ ሃገራት፤ “ በሂንዱኩሽ (አፍጋኒስታን) ነፃነታችንን እና ደህንነታችንን እንጠብቃለን / We Protect and Defend Our Freedom and Security at the Hindukush (Afghanistan) እያሉ ሰራዊቶቻቸውን እንደሚልኩት አስተዋዮቹ የቀደሙት የአክሱማዊቷ ኢትዮጵያ ነገስታትም ኢትዮጵያን ላለማስደፈር ሰሜን አፍሪካ እና አራቢያ ድረስ ዘልቀው ይታገሉ ነበር፤ የዲፕሎማሲ ግኑኝነቶችን ክርስቲያናዊ ከሆኑ መንግስታት ጋር ይመሠርቱ ነበር። ታዲያ ለኢትዮጵያ ጠላቶች በመስራት ከታሪካዊ የሃገራችን ጠላቶች ጋር አብሮ እናት አክሱማዊቷን ኢትዮጵያን የሚያስጨፈጭፈው የዛሬው የእኛ ትውልድ ይህን ታሪክ ሲያነብ እጅግ በጣም አያሳፍረውምን? አያስቆጣውምን? ተምሮ እንዲነሳሳ አያደርገውምን?

መርሳት የሌለብን ለእስልምና መቅሰፍት መስፋፋትም በስህተትና በመታለል ትልቅ ሚና የተጫወቱት እንደ ንጉሥ አርማሕ ያሉ የአክሱማዊቷ ኢትዮጵያ ነገስታት ነበሩ። ባለማወቅና ተታለው ትልቅ ስሕተት ሰርተዋል። ስለዚህ ዛሬም ዓለምን ከአጋንንታዊው የእስልምና ወረርሽኝ የመፈወስ አቅም ያላት አክሱማዊቷ ኢትዮጵያ ናት። ይህ እንዳይሆን ነው ከአምስት መቶ ዓመታት በፊት ጀምሮ (በዘመነ ግራኝ አህመድ ቀዳማዊ) እንዲሁም ዛሬ (ዘመነ ግራኝ አህመድ ዳግማዊ) ጋላ-ኦሮሞዎቹን ሥልጣን ላይ ያወጡት ኤዶማውያኑ ምዕራባውያን እና እስማኤላውያኑ በአክሱማዊቷ ኢትዮጵያ ላይ የዘር ማጥፋት ጂሃድ በማካሄድ ላይ ያሉት።

💭 On May 28, 2024, in a bold move, Spain announced that it will join Ireland and Norway in recognizing the State of Palestine. Woe to those nations!

Today, no country in the world has recorded as many lightning strikes as Spain in recent days. Even Spain's traitor WEF Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón said the flooding that killed 211 people was one of worst in Europe this century. He who attracts the spirit of death and slavery spreads death and slavery.

👉 For the flood victims; ✞✞✞ R.I.P /R.I.F/D.E.P/ነ.ይ / ነፍሳቸውን ይማርላቸው ✞✞✞

Today, Spain is being hit by biblical floods and thunderstorms because the current generations of Spanish rulers have abandoned The Almighty God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, who freed them from seven hundred years of Islamic slavery and barbarism (711-1492) – they forgot Our Lord Jesus Christ who made them a great nation right after defeating Islam in The Reconquista/The Iberian Crusades – and right after Castile's Queen Isabella issued an edict in 1502 which banned Islam for all of Castile.

Greatness is Following Jesus in the Way of the Cross. If we do the things that The Almighty God needs, He will come down into our lives and make our lives great by blessing us with what we think we need for our greatness and significance.

♱ After Our Queen of Sheba, my 2nd Favorite Queen is Isabella of Castile: Europe's First Great Queen Is Rolling In Her Grave Over Today's Treasonous Spain!

By the way, I believe that the kings of Aksumite Ethiopia, like the legendary Prester John, played an important role in liberating Spain and Portugal (Iberia Peninsula) from the yoke of Mohammedan slavery.

We should not forget that the Emperors of Aksumite Ethiopia, such as Emperor Armah (known to Muslims as Al Najashi, reigned circa 610-630AD) played a major role in spreading the scourge of Islam through mistakes and deception. The Emperor made a big historical and apocalyptic mistake by not knowing and being deceived then. Emperor Armah was an Orthodox Christian King – and Muhammad's followers were probably sent to Ethiopia (1st Hijira) by Roman/Byzantine kings; Emperor Armah thought then that Mohammeds' 'Asylum-Seekers' were the persecuted Christians from South Arabia. They might have deceived Emperor Armah by calling on the name of Christ and His Holy Mother Mary, so he had to give them refuge. Therefore, even today, it is the Aksumite Ethiopia that has the ability and historical obligation to heal the world from the demonic epidemic of Islam.

In order to prevent this from happening, the Western Edomites and the Eastern Ishmailites who brought the Galla-Oromos to power five hundred years ago (during the reign of Ahmed Gragn I, 1527) and today (during the reign of Ahmed Gragn II) are carrying out genocidal jihad against Christian Aksumite Ethiopia.

Encounters Between Ethiopia and Europe, 1400–1660

Starting from 1176, have both the papacy and the Catholic European Kingdoms have a more favorable view of Ethiopia when they eventually discover it. Let's remember there was this "prester John" Story/Crusade (ca. 1165-1170) and for awhile the Portuguese thought Ethiopia was the same, but relations eventually turned frosty because of the religious differences between the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Catholic Portuguese.

In 1428, Ethiopia sent a diplomatic mission to Aragon requesting an alliance. In the proposal, king Alfonso V would send craftsmen and his brother Peter to the African kingdom, where he would marry the daughter of emperor Yeshaq I. Tragically, the crew of 13 craftsmen perished on their way to Ethiopia, and the plan for alliance collapsed.

In this world, the crew successfully crossed Egypt and arrived in Ethiopia, the alliance was formalized, and plans to invade the Mamluk Sultanate were established. in 1431, the Kingdom of Aragon declared war on the Mamluks. Shortly afterwards, the Ethiopians followed suit. with an invasion of both frontsof the empire, the Mamluks could not sustain their already shaky grip over Egypt and withdrew to the other side of the Sinai. The Aragonese and Ethiopian armies then rendez vous in Aswan, and an aragonese detachment split from the main army to assist the Ethiopians in their further conquest of Nubia.

As the war ended, the christian victory was consolidated in a peace deal. Egypt became a catholic kingdom ruled by Peter de Trastamára and Yeshaq I's daughter, and the shrinking Coptic language was promoted in place of Arabic. Although nominally independent, Egypt was heavily influenced by Aragon. Nubia meanwhile became a series of Egyptian vassals, and the Kingdom of Alodia was from this point forth ruled by Yeshaq/Issac directly as a junior partner to Ethiopia. Alexandria, as a key port for Mediterranean trade, was directly controlled by Aragon.

🔥 World War III | For the past 500 years, Anti-Christ Turkey is Bombing The World's Most Ancient Christian Nations: Armenia & Ethiopia

🔥 Ottoman-Portuguese War in Africa - Ethiopian–Adal /Turkish War

https://youtu.be/Q1BtO8W_ss4

👉 500 Years later, history repeats itself:

Islamic Turkey + Somalia + Egypt + Oromos

Vs

Orthodox Christian Ethiopia

🔥 Ethiopia: The Next Phase of Genocide of Christians | Protestant + Islamic Jihad by The Heathen Galla-Oromos

https://youtu.be/Oguhm0lve-M

Sword=">Sword" Scimitar:="Scimitar:" Fourteen="Fourteen" Centuries="Centuries" of="of" War="War" Between="Between" Islam="Islam" The="The" West="West</a><em>">.

Exactly 1,300 years ago, in the year 718, a little-remembered kingdom was born in Spain. It soon led to the liberation of the Iberian Peninsula from Islamic occupation. To appreciate the significance of that development, we must travel back seven years earlier, to 711, when Arabs and Africans, both under the banner of Islam, “godlessly invaded Spain to destroy it,” to quote from the Chronicle of 754. Once on European soil, they “ruined beautiful cities, burning them with fire; condemned lords and powerful men to the cross; and butchered youths and infants with the sword.”

After meeting and beating Spain’s Visigothic nobles at the pivotal Battle of Guadalete — “never was there in the West a more bloody battle than this,” wrote the Muslim chronicler al-Hakam, “for the Muslims did not withdraw their scimitars from them for three days” — the invaders continued to penetrate northward into Spain, “not passing a place without reducing it, and getting possession of its wealth, for Allah Almighty had struck with terror the hearts of the infidels.”

Such terrorism was intentionally cultivated, in keeping with the Koran (3:151, 8:12, etc.). For instance, the invaders slaughtered, cooked, and pretended to eat Christian captives, while releasing others who, horrified, fled and “informed the people of Andalus that the Muslims feed on human flesh,” thereby “contributing in no small degree to increase the panic of the infidels,” wrote al-Maqqari, another Muslim chronicler.

Contrary to the claim that Spain capitulated easily, that it reasoned that Muslim rule was no worse and possibly more lenient than that of the Visigoths, even Muslim chroniclers note how “the Christians defended themselves with the utmost vigor and resolution, and great was the havoc that they made in the ranks of the faithful.” In Córdoba, for example, a number of leading Visigoths and their people holed themselves up in a church. Although “the besieged had no hopes of deliverance, they were so obstinate that when safety was offered to them on condition either of embracing Islam, or paying jizya, they refused to surrender, and the church being set on fire, they all perished in the flames,” wrote al-Maqqari, adding that the ruins of this church became a place of “great veneration” for later generations of Spaniards because “of the courage and endurance displayed in the cause of their religion by the people who died in it.”

In the end, native Spaniards had two choices: acquiesce to Muslim rule or “flee to the mountains, where they risked hunger and various forms of death,” according to an early Christian chronicler.

Pelagius, better known as Pelayo (685–737), a relative of and “sword-bearer” to King Roderick, who survived Guadalete, followed both strategies. After the battle, he retreated north, where Muslim rule was still tenuous, but eventually consented to become a vassal of Munnuza, a local Muslim chief. Through some “stratagem,” Munnuza “married” Pelayo’s sister — a matter that the sword-bearer “by no means consented to,” according to the Chronicle of Alfonso III. Having expressed displeasure at the seizure of his sister, and having ceased paying jizya (tribute), Muslims were sent “to apprehend him treacherously” and bring him back “bound in chains.” Unable to fight the oncoming throng of Arabs and Africans “because they were so numerous,” Pelayo “climbed a mountain” and “joined himself to as many people as he found hastening to assemble.”

There, in the deepest recesses of the Asturian mountains — the only free spot left in the Iberian Peninsula — the assembled Christian fugitives declared Pelayo to be their new king. Thus the Kingdom of Asturias was born in 718.

“Hearing this, the king , moved by an insane fury, ordered a very large army from all over Spain to go forth” and bring the infidel rebels to heel. The invaders — 180,000 of them, if the chroniclers are to be believed — surrounded Pelayo’s mountain. They sent Oppa, a bishop or nobleman who had acquiesced to Muslim rule, to reason with him at the mouth of a deep cavern: “If when the entire army of the Goths was assembled, it was unable to sustain the attack of the Ishmaelites , how much better will you be able to defend yourself on this mountaintop? To me it seems difficult. Rather, heed my warning and recall your soul from this decision, so that you may take advantage of many good things and enjoy the partnership of the Chaldeans .”

“I will not associate with the Arabs in friendship nor will I submit to their authority,” Pelayo responded. Then the rebel made a prophecy that would be fulfilled over the course of nearly eight centuries: “Have you not read in the divine scriptures that the church of God is compared to a mustard seed and that it will be raised up again through divine mercy?”

Oppa affirmed that it was so. The fugitive continued: “Christ is our hope that through this little mountain, which you see, the well-being of Spain and the army of the Gothic people will be restored. . . . Now, therefore, trusting in the mercy of Jesus Christ, I despise this multitude and am not afraid of it. As for the battle with which you threaten us, we have for ourselves an advocate in the presence of the Father, that is, the Lord Jesus Christ, who is capable of liberating us from these few.” (Here, in the Chronicle of Alfonso III, we have possibly the oldest record of the two sorts of Christians that developed under Muslim-occupied Spain: those who defied Islam and fled to the Asturian wilds, and those who accepted their lot and maneuvered within the system as subjugated dhimmis — and grumbled against their northern coreligionists for bringing Islam’s ire against them. The two will meet and compete again in centuries to come.)

There, at Covadonga — meaning “Cavern of the Lady” — battle commenced in the summer of 722. A shower of rocks rained down on the Muslims in the narrow passes, where their numbers counted for nothing and only caused confusion. Afterward, Pelayo and his band of rebels rushed forth from their caves and hiding places and made great slaughter among them; those who fled the carnage were tracked and mowed down by other, now emboldened, mountaineers. “A decisive blow was dealt at the Moorish power,” a 19th-century historian wrote. “The advancing tide of conquest was stemmed. The Spaniards gathered heart and hope in their darkest hour; and the dream of Moslem invincibility was broken.”

According to Reconquista historian Joseph O’Callaghan, “Covadonga became the symbol of Christian resistance to Islam and a source of inspiration to those who, in words attributed to Pelayo, would achieve the salus Spanie, the salvation of Spain.”

Several subsequent Muslim attempts, including three major campaigns, were made to conquer the Asturian kingdom, and the “Christians of the North scarcely knew the meaning of repose, security, or any of the amenities of life,” historian Louis Bertrand observed. Constant jihad raids created a wild frontier zone roughly along the Duero River; this became “a territory where one fights for the faith,” one medieval Muslim wrote. As the great Ibn Khaldun affirmed, every Muslim ruler of Andalusia was obligated “to wage the jihad himself and with his armies at least once a year.”

The Muslims intentionally devastated the region — they later dubbed it “the Great Desert” — between them and Asturias. Bertrand elaborates:

To keep the Christians in their place it did not suffice to surround them with a zone of famine and destruction. It was necessary also to go and sow terror and massacre among them. Twice a year, in spring and autumn, an army sallied forth from Córdoba to go and raid the Christians, destroy their villages, their fortified posts, their monasteries and their churches, except when it was a question of expeditions of larger scope, involving sieges and pitched battles. In cases of simply punitive expeditions, the soldiers of the Caliph confined themselves to destroying harvests and cutting down trees. . . . If one bears in mind that this brigandage was almost continual, and that this fury of destruction and extermination was regarded as a work of piety — it was a holy war against infidels — it is not surprising that whole regions of Spain should have been made irremediably sterile. This was one of the capital causes of the deforestation from which the Peninsula still suffers. With what savage satisfaction and in what pious accents do the Arab annalists tell us of those at least biennial raids. A typical phrase for praising the devotion of a Caliph is this: “He penetrated into Christian territory, where he wrought devastation, devoted himself to pillage, and took prisoners.” . . . At the same time as they were devastated, whole regions were depopulated. . . . The prolonged presence of the Muslims, therefore, was a calamity for this unhappy country of Spain. By their system of continual raids they kept her for centuries in a condition of brigandage and devastation.

Even so, the mustard seed would not perish. “A vital spark was still alive,” Edward Gibbon wrote; “some invincible fugitives preferred a life of poverty and freedom in the Asturian valleys; the hardy mountaineers repulsed the slaves of the caliph.” Moreover, “all who were dissatisfied with Moorish dominion, all who clung to the hope of a Christian revival, all who detested Mahomet,” were drawn to the life of poverty and freedom, as 19th-century historian Henry Edward Watts put it. By the mid eighth century, the “vital spark” had spread to engulf the entire northwest of the Peninsula.

Over the next three centuries, a number of Christian kingdoms — Galicia, Leon, Castile, Navarre, Aragon, and Catalonia, whose significance and names morphed and changed with the vicissitudes of history — evolved from or alongside the Asturian mustard seed. They made slow but steady progress against the forces of Islam.

Finally, in 1085, and after nearly 400 years of Muslim occupation, the Christians recaptured the ancient Visigothic capital, Toledo. Over the next century, not one but two massive new invasions came from Africa, the first under the Almoravids, the second under the Almohads. Both were committed to the jihad (in ways that would make the Islamic State appear half-hearted). A tug of war between Christians and Muslims ensued until 1212, when the two forces met at the highly decisive battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. Victory went to the Christians: One by one, long-held Muslim cities were liberated by the victors: Córdoba, for centuries the capital of Muslim Spain, in 1236; Valencia in 1238; and Seville in 1248.

Just as Muslims had for centuries “purified” captured Christian towns and churches “from the filth of idolatry and . . . from the stains of infidelity and polytheism,” so now, tit for tat, Christian conquerors and clergymen engaged in elaborate ceremonies whereby mosques and cities were “cleansed of the filthiness of Muhammad” — a ubiquitous phrase in the chronicles of the conquest of Muslim cities conquered — even as Muslim accounts lament over “dwellings emptied of Islam” and over “mosques . . . wherein only bells and crosses may be found.”

Only the remote Muslim kingdom of Granada, at the very southern tip of the Peninsula, remained. Surrounded by mountainous terrain and with the sea behind it, Granada was well fortified, inaccessible, and isolated from the rest of Iberia. Moreover, Christian infighting habitually flared out, as Castile, Aragon, and Portugal increasingly jockeyed for power.

On Christmas Day in 1481, Granadan Muslims stormed a nearby Christian fortress and slaughtered all present. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella declared war, so that “Christendom might be delivered from this continued threat at the gates,” as they explained, and “these infidels of the kingdom of Granada ejected and expelled from Spain” once and for all. After a decade of military campaigns and sieges, Granada finally surrendered, on January 2, 1492.

“After so much labor, expense, death, and shedding of blood,” sang the monarchs, “this kingdom of Granada, which was occupied for over seven hundred and eighty years by the infidels,” had been liberated. And it all came to pass thanks to Pelayo’s Asturian mustard seed, planted 1,300 years ago this year.

_______

_______